2002 - 2004
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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



******************

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - bit

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - byte

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - packet

******************



ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ IP (Internet Protocol)? ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ TCP/IP

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½? ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½,

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½.





ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 30 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-ARPAnet ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Program)

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½TCP/IP, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 4,294,967,296 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½,

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ( ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ - IP Next Generation ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - IPng).

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½4,294,967,296 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 4, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 340 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (340 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 10 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 38), ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 665,570,793,348,866,943,898,599 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½!!! (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 511,263,971,197,990

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, 10,000 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ :-) .

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 30 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½"ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 8.





ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½TCP/IP ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½"ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½" ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 8 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½) ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:

194.233.34.158

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 1 = 8 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (bit) ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 32 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ 4,294,967,296 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½0 ן¿½ן¿½ 255



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½3 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (class):



Class A

255.0.0.0

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 50% ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Class B

255.255.0.0

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 25% ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Class C

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 12.5% ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½?



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-65,536 (Class B) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ Class A (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ A ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½16 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½)

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½255 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ B, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½...



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½!



ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.





ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ 128 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (bits) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:



x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x



ן¿½ן¿½ X ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 16 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:



FC4B:29C4:7EA9:88BD:916E:FBA7:6D4C:3790



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4.

ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½128 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 340 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½).



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:



0000:0000:0000:0000:73F0:0064:02C1:000D



ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½:



::::73F0:64:2C1:D



ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, Service Pack 1 ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½-ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 9, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 9, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 9.1 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½' ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½- www.IPv6.org

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ BSD ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ BSD.

ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6:

Q: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ bits?

A: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½....ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ "ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½" ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Q: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½?

A: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ DHCP



Q: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 64 bits?

A: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 5, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4.



Q:ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ IP4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ IP6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½IP4?

A: ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ IPv6 ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ IPv4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Q: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ IPv4) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½? (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ IPv4)? ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½...

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½?

A: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½.....ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ :\, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½.



Q: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½?

A: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-www.ipv6.org, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.





ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½-6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.





ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 - Header

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ haeder? ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ packets, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½), ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½'... ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:



|00|01|02|03|04|05|06|07|08|09|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|20|21|22|23|24|25|26|27|28|29|30|31| <- 32 Bits



_______________________________________________________________________________________________

| | | | | |00|

| Version | Length | Type Of Service | Total Length | |01|

| | | | | |02|

|___________|___________|_______________________|_______________________________________________| |03|

| | | | |04|

| Identification | Flags | Fragment Offset | |05|

| | | | |06|

|_______________________________________________|________|______________________________________| |07|

| | | | |08|

| Time To Live | Protocol | Header Checksum | |09| <- 20 Bytes

| | | | |10|

|_______________________|_______________________|_______________________________________________| |11|

| | |12|

| Source Address | |13|

| | |14|

|_______________________________________________________________________________________________| |15|

| | |16|

| Destination Address | |17|

| | |18|

|_______________________________________________________________________________________________| |19|



| |

| Options |

| |

|_______________________________________________________________________________________________|

| |

| Options |

| |

|_______________________________________________________________________________________________|

| |

| Data |

| |

|_______________________________________________________________________________________________|

The options is not always a part of the IPv4 header





ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (bits) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header.



Version

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (bits) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ (32 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½), ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 0100, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 10), ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4.



IHL - Internet Header Length

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ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header (ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - ן¿½-Data!), ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

(ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ Options) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 4.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 0101 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 5, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½4, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 20, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (bytes 20).

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ 1111 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 15, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 60 (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ header ן¿½ן¿½ 60 bytes).



TOS - Type of Service

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ "ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½" ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 8 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½8 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:





|00 |01 |02 |03 |04 |05 |06 |07 |

_______________________________

|Precedence | D | T | R | 0 | 0 |

|___________|___|___|___|___|___|





ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 0-2 - Precedence. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:

111 - Network Control

110 - Internetwork Control

101 - CRITIC/ECP

100 - Flash Override

011 - Flash

010 - Immediate

001 - Priority

000 - Routine

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 3 - 0 = Normal delay

1 = Low delay

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 - 0 = Normal throughput

1 = High throughput

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 5 - 0 = Normal relibility

1 = High relibility

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6-7 - ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½), ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 0.



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ TOS ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½/ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½'...



Total Length

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 16 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½-Data)

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½576 bytes, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (576 bytes ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 576? ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ "ן¿½ן¿½" ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ header ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - 64 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ data ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - 512, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 576.



Identification

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 16 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½). ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½? ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Flags

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ Fragments).

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 3 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½...), ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 0, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ MBZ - Must Be Zero (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½7 ן¿½-TOS).

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - 0 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½576 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½), 1 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½576 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½).

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - 0 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½), 1 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Fragment Offset

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13 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - 0, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - 1 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½...

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ - 1111111111111 (8192 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½). ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½4194304 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ -

512 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 8192 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



TTL - Time To Live

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8 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ "ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½" ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 0 ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 0 (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½). ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½/ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½/ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Protocol

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8 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½:



00000001 1 ICMP Internet Contol Message Protocol

00000010 2 IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol

00000011 3 GGP Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol

00000101 5 ST Stream

00000110 6 TCP Transmission Control Protocol

00000111 7 UCL UCL

00001000 8 EGP External Gateway Protocol

00001001 9 IGP Interior Gateway Protocol

00001010 10 BNN-RCC-MON BBN RCC Monitoring

00001011 11 NVP-II Network Voice Protocol

00001100 12 PUP PUP

00001101 13 ARGUS ARGUS

00001110 14 EMCON EMCON

00001111 15 XNET Cross Net Debugger

00010000 16 CHAOS Chaos

00010001 17 UDP User Datagram Protocol

00010010 18 MUX Multiplexing

00010011 19 DCN-MEAS DCN Measurement Subsystems

00010100 20 HMP Host Monitoring Protocol

00010101 21 PRM Packet Radio Measurement

00010110 22 XNS-IDP XEROX NS IDP

00010111 23 TRUNK-1 Trunk 1

00011000 24 TRUNK-2 Trunk 2

00011001 25 LEAF-1 Leaf 1

00011010 26 LEAF-2 Leaf 2

00011011 27 RDP Reliable Data Prococol

00011100 28 IRTP Internet Reliable Transaction

00011101 29 ISO-TP4 ISO Transport Protocol Class 4

00011110 30 NETBLT Bulk Data Transfer Protocol

00011111 31 MFE-NSP MFE Network Services Protocol

00100000 32 MERIT-INP MERIT Internodal Protocol

00100001 33 SEP Sequential Exchange Protocol

00111110 62 CFTP CFTP

01000000 64 SAT-EXPAK SATNET and backroom EXPAK

01000001 65 MIT-SUBNET MIT subnet support

01000010 66 RVD MIT Remote Virtual Disk Protocol

01000011 67 IPPC Internet Pluribus Packet Core

01000101 69 SAT-MON SATNET Monitoring

01000111 71 IPCV Internet Packet Core Utility

01001100 76 BR-SAT-MON Backroom SATNET Monitoring

01001110 78 WB-MON WIDEBAND Monitoring

01001111 79 WB-EXPAK WIDEBAND EXPAK





Header Checksum

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16 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½- TTL) ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header checksum:



unsigned short CalculateChecksum(

const unsigned short *usBuf,

int iSize

) {

unsigned long usChksum=0;

while (iSize>1)

{

usChksum += *usBuf++;

iSize -= sizeof(unsigned short);

}

if (iSize) usChksum += *(unsigned char*)usBuf;

usChksum = (usChksum >> 0x10) + (usChksum & 0xffff);

usChksum += (usChksum >> 0x10);

return (unsigned short)(~usChksum);

}





Source IP Address

------------------------------------------------------

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 32 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 32 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Destination IP Address

------------------------------------------------------

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 32 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½: ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 212.199.220.168

212 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ > 11010100

199 > 11000111

220 > 11011100

168 > 10101000

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ -

212.199.220.168 > 10101000110111001100011111010100

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4 (32 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½



Options

------------------------------------------------------

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ :-)







ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 - Header

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ן¿½-header ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-IPv4 header

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ IPv6 Header:



|00|01|02|03|04|05|06|07|08|09|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|20|21|22|23|24|25|26|27|28|29|30|31| <- 32 Bits



_______________________________________________________________________________________________

| | | |

| Version | Traffic Class | Flow Label |

| | | |

|___________|_______________________|___________________________________________________________|

| | | |

| Payload Length | Next Header | Hop Limit |

| | | |

|_______________________________________________|_______________________|_______________________|

|__ __|

|__ Source Address __|

|__ __|

|_______________________________________________________________________________________________|

|__ __|

|__ Destination Address __|

|__ __|

|_______________________________________________________________________________________________|





Version

------------------------------------------------------

4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 0110 (6 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½).



Traffic Class

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8 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½TOS ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4.



Flow Label

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20 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½Identification ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ Fragments ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ Fragment Offset ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4). ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½!



Payload Length

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16 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-header ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½), ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ extension headers (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6).



Next Header

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8 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ Protocol ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Hop Limit

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8 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ TTL ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 4. ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (hop) ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½/ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½/ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½'..)

ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ hop ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½-0

ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Source Address

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128 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ (ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 6). ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ 128 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ header ן¿½ן¿½ 32 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½? ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½4 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Destination Address

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128 ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



Extension Headers

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ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ headers ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½.







ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½. ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½... ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½, ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½.



ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ ן¿½ן¿½ן¿½ Trancer

BinaryVision @ binaryvision.tech.nu